@article{oai:kansaigaidai.repo.nii.ac.jp:00008019,
 author = {Nomura, Tooru},
 journal = {The Journal of Intercultural Studies},
 month = {},
 note = {Notes and Discussion, Japan’s Contacts with Korea trace back to prehistoric times. The sea-route across the Korean channel and along the west coast of Korean Peninsula was already well established by the seventh century. However, due to the lack of sufficient knowledge about oceanic meteorology, especially about raging typhoons, these missions often faced raging storms en route, which claimed many lives each time.
The difficulty of overseas travel established curiosity among Japanese about foreign civilization; they cherished various folktales in which a hero, traveling overseas, often by chance and after a breathtaking adventure, finally brought back many precious treasures, which, no doubt, implies the advanced knowledge abroad.
By the first half of the seventeenth century, the Tokugawa Bakufu (the Shogunate Government) gradually began to limit intercourse with foreign countries, a policy which came to be known as the sakoku seisaku or “Closed Door Policy”. Stabilization of the domestic political situation by the middle of the seventeenth century sparked rapid development in domestic industry and commodity distribution based in the modern cities. The result was the expansion of marine transport, which made bulk movement possible. However, the expansion of marine transport was followed by an increase in maritime accidents due to treacherous seas and the raging winds that surround Japan. Because of the strict closed-door policy, there were virtually no foreign ships in the waters off Japan, and except for Dutch ships or Chinese junks in the East China Sea, there was hardly any chance of being rescued by a foreign vessel. However, there were some lucky cases of being rescued in some ways and repatriated back to Japan.
The records of castaways such as Daikokuya Kodayu and Joseph Heco played an important role in increasing the awareness of Japanese intellectuals about the outside world and laid the foundation for the establishment, later in the nineteenth century, of an open-door policy. These castaways’ records are worthy of further scrutiny from an entirely new point of view.},
 pages = {77--83},
 title = {THE REPATRIATION SYSTEM OF CASTAWAYS IN PRE-MODERN EAST ASIA},
 volume = {42},
 year = {2020}
}