@article{oai:kansaigaidai.repo.nii.ac.jp:00006204,
 author = {高木, 美也子 and Takagi, Miyako},
 journal = {研究論集, Journal of Inquiry and Research},
 month = {Sep},
 note = {論文, ARTICLE, This paper attempts to classify Japanese morphemes using the 4-M model, which is a refined version of the content vs. system morphemes opposition presented in the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) model. It is a production based model which explains how different morphemes are accessed in different ways in speech production. There are four categories of morphemes in the 4-M model, i.e. content morphemes and three types of system morphemes. The heart of the 4-M model is the fact that system morphemes are activated at two different abstract levels. They are classified as early and late. Content morphemes, along with early system morphemes, are conceptually activated whereas late system morphemes are not. They are structurally assigned. Furthermore, late system morphemes are divided into two types, i.e. bridges and outsiders. This paper, examining lexical categories and word formation of Japanese, proposes that content morphemes in Japanese include free-standing independent morphemes, discourse markers such as conjunctions and sentence-final particles, and postpositions. The candidates for early system morphemes are derivational suffixes and prefixes as well as verbal suffixes. The candidates for bridges include the genitive case marker no and the coordinating particle to. The copula could also be considered a bridge system morpheme. Case particles in Japanese could be considered outsider system morphemes like case in other languages.},
 pages = {1--19},
 title = {Japanese morpheme classification using the 4-M model},
 volume = {88},
 year = {2008},
 yomi = {タカギ, ミヤコ}
}